Review on efficiency improvement effort of perovskite solar cell

Abstract

Perovskite materials accept outstanding optical and electronic backdrop. In recent years, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in the laboratory has raised rapidly from 3.viii% to 25.5%. Information technology has the potential to further ameliorate the PCE of solar cells and arroyo the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit. For preparing high-efficiency PSCs, the chemical composition tuning and morphology improvement of the perovskite absorption layer, the energy level matching of the interface, the extraction and transport rate of carriers in the ship layer are focused widely. Many methods such as condiment engineering, defect passivation, interface engineering, and transmission fabric optimization are suggested. This review summarizes efficiency comeback effort of perovskite solar prison cell from the three dimensions of perovskite absorption layer, accuse transport layer and interface.

Introduction

Perovskite materials have the advantages of adaptable ring gap, loftier assimilation coefficient, long exciton diffusion length, fantabulous carrier mobility and low exciton binding energy (Kojima et al., 2009, Wehrenfennig et al., 2014, Snaith, 2013, Jeon et al., 2015, Park, 2015a, Park, 2015b). It has attracted widespread attending in recent years (Fig. 1 (Green et al., 2014)) (Green et al., 2017, Green et al., 2018, Kamat et al., 2017). The ability conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has increased rapidly from iii.8% (2009) (Kojima et al., 2009) to 25.v% (2021) (Dark-green et al., 2021) as listed in Table one. However, it is still below the radiations limit defined by Shockley-Queisser (SQ) theory (Sarritzu et al., 2017, Tvingstedt et al., 2014, Luo et al., 2020b, Duan et al., 2020, Du et al., 2021). The nonradiative recombination of carriers (electrons and holes) due to the signal defects of the material, light emitting or heating outcome, results in loss of PSCs energy and PCE beneath the radiation limit defined past SQ theory. The factors that bear upon the PCE of PSCs include the composition of the perovskite fabric, the crystallization and morphology of the perovskite film, the charge ship material of the transport layer, interface defects, and energy level matching (Lei et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2021). Amidst them, the solution handling method of polycrystalline perovskite film will class different types of defects or vacancies left on the surface and grain boundaries (GBs). The defects tin cause or accelerate the degradation of the perovskite, leading to nonradiative recombination, affecting the energy band system of the absorber relative to the carriers transport layer, thereby affecting the operation and stability of the PSCs (Chen et al., 2019, Xiang et al., 2020). Therefore, this review discusses the principal methods to meliorate the PCE of PSCs, including passivation defects (Akin et al., 2020, Jiang et al., 2019), interface modification (Zheng et al., 2017, Bi et al., 2017), optimize transmission material; (Le Corre et al., 2019) component substitution; (Jung et al., 2019, Jodlowski et al., 2018, Xu et al., 2018, Ye et al., 2016) which can provide reference for further improving the preparation process of PSCs, preparing high-quality films, and enhancing the PCE of PSCs. （Fig. 2） (Dai et al., 2020, Zhao et al., 2019b).

Section snippets

Light assimilation comeback

The carriers are generated by light absorption, thus the quality of the light absorption layer has significant effects on the PSCs performances such as PCE, open up excursion voltage and short circuit current. The light absorption improvement methods include additive engineering, component applied science and defect passivation (Chen et al., 2020a).

Additives: Some additives tin can be introduced to reconstruct the type and proportion of solvents, thereby improve the surface morphology and the crystallinity

Charge transport optimization

The light arresting layer absorbs low-cal to generate holes and electrons, which respectively travel forth the pigsty transport layer (HTL) and the electron send layer (ETL) to the external circuit to class a loop. Optimization of ETL and HTL materials tin can effectively transfer photo-generated charges and eliminate the optical and electrical losses in the device (Table iv) (Akin et al., 2020, Le Corre et al., 2019, Madhavan et al., 2019, Huang et al., 2019a).

ETL extracts and transports electrons

Interface engineering

Interface modification: The interface directly affects the extraction, ship, recombination and photon transport of electric charges (Bisquert et al., 2004, Fakharuddin et al., 2017, Kang and Park, 2019). The PSCs are usually composed of a stacked multi-layer equanimous of a perovskite active layer, a charge transport layer for electrons and holes and a current collector electrode (Xu et al., 2014, Yu et al., 2016, Zhang et al., 2016). Therefore, in that location are iv main interfaces between the

Other

In 2018, Huang et al. designed prismatic perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) with a light-trapping structure (Fig. ix), which tin can connect perovskite devices with different band gaps in the same horizontal plane, instead of vertical multi-layer stacking in a tandem structure. The device had the function of reducing thermodynamic loss and trapping lite. With the PVSCs, the open circuit voltage of iv series-connected devices reached 5.iii V. The PCE reached 21.three% (Huang et al., 2019b). Xie et al.

Outlook

At nowadays, the preparation of high-efficiency, loftier-quality and stable perovskite moving picture is withal the main challenge to realize the wide application of PSC (Krishna et al., 2021, Kim et al., 2020a, Li et al., 2018a, Park, 2016, Zhang et al., 2020, Kaity et al., 2021). Some improvement strategies of PSCs are summerized as follow. Firstly, high purity and smooth perovskite layers are formed by introducing additives such as small molecules, salts and polymers to boost the surface morphology and

Declaration of Competing Involvement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could accept appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This work has been supported financially by the National Natural Scientific discipline Foundation of China (52166018), which is gratefully best-selling by the author.

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